From BlenderWiki
Introduction
This tutorial covers the ways of selecting verts, edges and faces in Blender. Especially advanced selection tools are covered. The main purpose of this tutorial is to bring all selection related information into single, easily accessible place. This material is more like reference that you can use to check how different ways of selecting work.
Basic Selections
Basic selections contain point, circular region, border and lasso select. For further information, take a look at Mesh Selection.
Loop Selections
You can use these tools to select edge and face loops. For further information, take a look at Edge And Face Tools and Edge Ring and Edge Loop MultiSelect.
Advanced Selections
Inverse Selection
Mode: Edit Mode (Mesh)
Hotkey: CtrlI
Menu: Select → Inverse
This will invert your selection.
Loop to Region and Region to Loop
You can use this tool to add vertices or edges inside your loop selection to it. Alternatively you can use this tool to select border loops of a region. For further information, take a look at Loop to Region and Region to Loop.
Random Selection
Mode: Edit Mode (Mesh)
Menu: Select → Random
Enter how many percent of not selected verts will be selected randomly and added to current selection.
Select Groups
Mode: Edit Mode (Mesh)
Hotkey: ⇧ ShiftG
Menu: Select → Group From Selection
The way this tool works depends on selection mode. Note that if you are using a hybrid mode with multiple selection modes active at once, it will work according to "strongest" selection mode. This means that if you are using vertex and face hybrid mode, the tool will work as if it was in face selection mode.
Vertex Selection Mode
Similar Normal
This will add those vertices that have similar normal as the current selection to the selection.
Same Face Users
This tool is good for selecting for example similar corners. It adds those vertices to selection that belong to as many faces as the selected vertices.
This will add those vertices to the selection which belong to same vertex groups as the selection.
Edge Selection Mode
Similar Length
This will add those edges to the selection which have same length as any edge of the selection.
Similar Direction
This will add those edges to the selection that have similar direction as any edge of the selection.
Similar Face Users
Similar Adjacent Face Angle
Similar Crease
This will add those edges to the selection that have similar crease value as any edge of the selection.
Face Selection Mode
Same Material
This will add those faces to the selection that have same material as any face of the selection.
Same Image
Similar Area
This will add those faces to the selection that have similar area as any face of the selection.
Similar Perimeter
Similar Normal
This will add those faces to the selection that have similar normal as any face of the selection.
Similar Co-Planar
This will add those faces to the selection that are coplanar compared to any face of the selection. Note the slight difference to Similar Normal.
Selection Based on Sharpness and Flatness
Take a look at Sharp Flat Select .
Select Linked
Mode: Edit Mode (Mesh)
Hotkey: L or CtrlL
Menu: Select → Linked Vertices
This tool has two ways of working. You can hover a mouse over a mesh and then use L to add it to your selection. Another way is to use CtrlL which adds those meshes to your selection that have parts of them selected.
Select More or Less
Select More
Mode: Edit Mode (Mesh)
Hotkey: Ctrl+ or + NumPad
Menu: Select → More
This will add the neighbours of current selection to selection.
Select Less
Mode: Edit Mode (Mesh)
Hotkey: Ctrl-
Menu: Select → Less
This will deselect those parts of selection that don't have their neighbours selected.
Select Non-Manifold
Mode: Edit Mode (Mesh)
Hotkey: ⇧ ShiftCtrlAltM
Menu: Select → Non-Manifold
This will select non-manifold parts of meshes and add them to current selection.
Vertex Path
You can use this tool to select shortest topological or geometrically (edge length) shortest between selected vertices. For further information, take a look at Vertex Path .